Abstract

As maritime operations become increasingly reliant on interconnected information technology (IT) and operational technology (OT) systems, ensuring cybersecurity on vessels has become more critical than ever. One of these systems is the Integrated Navigation System (INS), which assists the Officer of Watch (OOW) on the bridge in ensuring safe navigation. The INS comprises several components that may be susceptible to cyber attacks, hence it faces cyber risks that need to be mitigated. Cyber risks are understood differently, depending on perspective. In this paper, we determine the perspective that the research community has of cyber risk, focusing on the INS, and that of professionals representing the maritime industry, and analyze similarities and differences. To this end, we conduct a systematic literature review and interviews with maritime professionals. This study provides useful insights for researchers and professionals seeking to understand the cyber risks of the INS.